新疆巴音布鲁克草原宽须蚁蝗生物学特性研究

宽须蚁蝗在巴音布鲁克草原1年发生1代,以卵在土中越冬,5月中旬开始孵化,5月下旬至6月上旬为孵化盛期,羽化盛期在7月末至8月上旬,9月下旬尚能见到成虫。卵孵化以北京时间12:00~14:00最多。一生食量平均为1 602.21 mg。若虫历期平均73.8 d,成虫历期平均49.3 d,整个历期平均125.1 d。     

不同倍性冬小麦根系生长对水分和密度的响应

为探讨不同倍性冬小麦根系生长对水分和密度的响应,利用3个倍性小麦材料（二倍体栽培一粒、四倍体栽培二粒、六倍体现代品种‘长武134’）通过在不同水分条件下进行密度试验,研究其拔节期和开花期的根系生长和水分消耗特征,结果表明,在拔节期密度的增加显著提高了小麦根系干物质累积量和根长总量,而竞争加剧使得高密度处理的根量优势到花期显著减弱;拔节期四倍体和六倍体的根重和根长均表现出高于二倍体的趋势,花期各倍性材料之间的根重无显著差异,但是高倍性材料仍保持显著的根长优势;干旱和高密度处理均减少了花期根系在表层的分布,增加了深层根系的分布量,利于深层水分的利用。最终得到结论,六倍体现代小麦根系在不同生育期的根系干物质分配更利于产量增长,而在水分亏缺地区构建合理的群体有益于根系下扎,从而促进土壤深层水分的利用,并提升产量。     

旱作大豆播种密度对产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了提高旱作区大豆种植效益,充分利用当地降水资源,在甘肃东部地区开展播种密度对不同成熟期大豆品种产量及水分利用效率的影响研究。结果表明,不同类型大豆品种随播种密度增加,其主要经济性状单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数和单株粒重均呈下降趋势;播种密度对不同类型品种田间耗水量影响不显著;在播种密度9.0万株/hm²~27.0万株/hm²的范围内,晚熟品种‘汾豆78’、‘晋豆23’适宜种植密度为18.0万株/hm²,早熟品种‘中黄30’、‘晋豆19’适宜种植密度为22.5万株/hm²;适宜播种密度能够明显提高旱作区大豆籽粒产量和水分利用效率。     

有机稻田白背飞虱种群动态及其天敌作用

为组建有机稻田白背飞虱种群生态控制系统,系统调查了实施有机耕作一年后白背飞虱种群动态,并应用生命表技术评价了自然天敌的作用.结果表明,在有机早稻田中白背飞虱发生2个世代,高峰期分别为5月上中旬和6月上中旬,平均百丛虫量分别为435.4和216.4头,干扰作用控制指数IIPC分别为0.3079和0.4044.水稻移栽后天敌回升迅速,移栽15天迁入稻田的蜘蛛为同期常规稻田蜘蛛的2.56倍;捕食性天敌、寄生性天敌数量在移栽42、38天分别为同期常规稻田的1.64与1.40倍.将天敌因子的作用相加,"捕食及其它"和"寄生"因子对白背飞虱种群的控制作用强,其排除作用控制指数(EIPC)值显著高于常规稻田相应作用因子.     

不同栽培措施对高粱产量的影响

为了探讨不同栽培措施对不同高粱品种产量的影响,寻求高粱获得高产的最佳栽培模式,本试验以晋杂23号和晋中405为试验品种,在山西省农业科院经济作物研究所的试验田研究了不同密度、施肥量、播期对高粱试验品种产量的影响。结果表明,‘晋杂23号’属丰产型品种,不宜密植;‘晋中405’属密植类型,以群体产量获得高产;随着播期的推迟,‘晋杂23号’和‘晋中405’的产量都呈下降趋势,且差异显著。最佳栽培措施：‘晋杂23号’为225 kg/hm2施肥水平、12万株/hm2密度水平及5月2日的播期;‘晋中405’为225 kg/hm2施肥水平、15万株/hm2密度水平及5月2日的播期。     

Structure and pathogenic variability in Ascochyta rabiei populations on chickpea in the Canadian prairies

A population study of Ascochyta rabiei from the Canadian prairies was conducted to assess pathogenicity among isolates with the objectives to investigate the existence of a race or pathotype structure and to evaluate whether there had been a shift to higher aggressiveness between 1998 and 2002. Ninety-nine isolates collected in 1998, 2001 and 2002 were inoculated onto seven differential chickpea genotypes. Significant isolate × differential interactions occurred, but accounted for a small proportion of the total variability. It was found that very few interaction effects between all combinations of differentials and isolates were significant and frequency distributions of disease severity of isolates tested on the differentials revealed continuous distributions. These results suggest that no genotype-specific relationship existed between A. rabiei and its host and that Canadian populations of the pathogen cannot be objectively classified into races or pathotypes. Isolates from 2001 and 2002 caused significantly more disease than isolates from 1998, suggesting that disease epidemics encountered since 1999 were in part caused by a shift in the population to higher aggressiveness.     

Genotypic diversity and migration of clonal lineages of Botrytis cinerea from chickpea fields of Bangladesh inferred by microsatellite markers

An analysis of allelic diversity at nine microsatellite loci provided an insight into the population structure of Botrytis cinerea from four fields (sampled in 2003 and 2004) that represented important regional locations for chickpea production in Bangladesh. Although three populations were limited by sample size after clone‐correction, a total of 51 alleles were amplified among 146 B. cinerea isolates from Bangladesh, which revealed a high amount of within‐population and overall genetic diversity (H_S = 0·48 and H_T = 0·54, respectively). The percentage of maximal genotypic diversity (G) ranged between populations (G = 23–40), with a total of 69 haplotypes detected (G = 25). Bayesian cluster analysis depicted two major clusters distributed among the four Bangladesh populations, indicating population admixture from two origins that have spread throughout these regions. Genotype flow between regions was detected and indicated the spread of clonal lineages, consistent with relatively low differentiation among the four populations (mean G_ST = 0·1, P < 0·05). These results highlighted the potential threat of host resistance breakdown as a result of considerable genetic diversity, genotype flow and the evolutionary potential of B. cinerea.     

基于综合承载力的区域适度人口研究

在可持续发展目标条件下,适度人口取决于生态、经济和土地等多要素的综合承载力。本文探讨了适度人口的计算方法和模型,运用该模型对吉林省1978-2002年的适度人口进行了测算,并对结果进行了分析,探讨其形成原因,提出解决对策。但适度人口是动态的,是生产力的函数,土地承载是基础,经济承载是关键,生态承载是限制,本文未曾寻求到既能提高区域适度人口数量,又不对区域生态系统产生破坏与影响的土地、经济和生态承载人口三者之间的动态平衡临界点,这是今后努力的方向。     

额济纳绿洲胡杨种群结构与分布格局研究

在内蒙古阿拉善盟额济纳旗一道桥、二道桥、三道桥、和四道桥的胡杨自然保护区内设置9个10m×10m样地,应用相邻格子法进行每木调查,并对胡杨(Populus euphratica)种群结构和分布格局进行了分析。结果表明:胡杨的种群结构为衰退型,幼苗、幼树和中龄树数量较小。额济纳胡杨种群整体分布格局为聚集分布,随着径级的增大其分布格局呈现规律性变化,幼小植群呈强聚集分布,大树倾向于随机分布,中龄树和成年树由聚集分布向随机分布过度。     

天山北坡经济带人口分布与经济发展研究

人口分布是影响经济发展的重要因素。人口分布与经济分布的最基本属性是不均衡性,人口与经济的空间集中化是区域发展的内在规律。本文从人口与经济发展的关系出发,通过对天山北坡经济带人口数量、人口密度、人口分布等因素与经济发展相关关系及动态演进的多方面分析,为天山北坡经济带进一步实施人口与经济空间集中化战略,建立起人口、经济与环境协调发展的区域格局提供一些理论依据与对策。